Bandera Negra
Bandera Negra (Black Flag) or Santa Germandat Catalana (Holy Catalan Brotherhood) was a secret, armed sub-organization of the Estat Català political party, founded on May 3, 1925.
Its name referred to the black flag raised by the defenders of Barcelona in the Catalan Campaign (1713–1714) on August 1, 1714, signaling to the Bourbon troops that they would fight to the death and never surrender. On September 12, however, they did surrender, ending the cause of the Archduke of Austria. Regardless, historian Enric Ucelay-Da Cal still calls it "the traditional symbol associated with the will to kill or die".
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